Manuscripts
Dead Sea Scrolls
Ancient biblical copies reveal both continuity and variation in the transmission of the Hebrew Scriptures.
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Manuscripts
Septuagint (LXX)
An important witness to how Jewish Scriptures were translated and read in the Greek-speaking world.
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Masoretic Text
Preserves the consonantal text alongside detailed traditions of pronunciation, reading, and scribal annotation.
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Samaritan Pentateuch
Preserves a distinct Pentateuchal tradition, including readings associated with Samaritan worship and Mount Gerizim.
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Codex Sinaiticus
Contains the earliest surviving complete New Testament and substantial portions of the Greek Old Testament.
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Codex Vaticanus
A major early witness to the Greek Bible, surviving with gaps in its biblical contents.
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